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科技论文写作整理系列(二)——Title
文章来源: 文章作者: 发布时间:2006-11-21   字体: [ ]  
 

7-6
Unacceptable
An Investigation of hormones secretion and weight in rats
   Fat rats: Are their hormones different?
•  Acceptable
Relationship of luteinizing hormone to obesity in the Zuker rat
•  Unacceptable
  The effects of hormones on mouse behavior
•  Acceptable
    Estrogen stimulates intensity of nose-twitch courtship behavior in mice
•  Unacceptable
  The effects of CCR on the growth and development of tobacco
•  Acceptable
  Cinnamoyl-CoA reductase affects the growth and development of tobacco

7-7
举例:
脱落酸与植物细胞的抗氧化防护
植物细胞中脱落酸的抗氧化防护作用
CHS基因起源初探及其在被子植物中的进化分析
查耳酮合成酶基因与被子植物的进化关系
华南云食传粉生态学
华南云食(Laesalpinia crista L.)花结构与传粉木蜂
的互动适应
好例子
WAF1, a potential mediator of p53 tumor suppression
  Traffic signals for lymphocyte re-circulation and leukocyte emigration: the multi-step paradigm
Processing of X-ray diffraction data collected in oscillation mode
  Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homolog
   p21 Cdk-interacting protein Cip1 is a potent inhibitor of G1 cyclin-dependent kinase

7-8
示例:
  1)视网膜小血管变化是冠状动脉疾病的一个指标
  Original: Retinal arteriolar changes are an indicator of coronary artery disease
  问题:标题中应尽量避免使用活用动词 (active verb), 即谓语动词,一般采用名词短语型结构。
  Revised: Retinal arteriolar changes as an indicator of coronary artery disease
  2) 用大剂量氨甲喋呤治疗急性淋巴细胞白血病的初步体会
  Original: Preliminary experience in using high dose of methotrexate to treat ALL
  问题:(1) 应尽量避免使用"初步体会""初步研究""初步经验"之类没有实际意义的词; (2) 除了像AIDS, DNA等已通用的缩略语外,标题中应尽量避免使用缩略语,如ALL应写全称;(3)尽量避免使用动词
  Revised: High dose methotrexate therapy in acute lymphocytic leukemia
  或:Use of high dose methotrexate in (the) treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia
  3) 关于饮食中钾含量与血压关系的研究
  Original: A research of the relationship between the content of potassium in diet and blood pressure
  问题:(1)具体的研究一般用study表述 (research一般作不可数名词处理,如much research has been done on…);标题中如果"研究"一词前没有限定词,一般都省略,比较:A prospective clinical study of isoniazid-refampicin-pyrazinamide-induced liver injury in an area endemic for hepatitis;(2)表述过于繁琐
Revised: Dietary potassium and blood pressure

7-9
为了满足标题写作的上述,有时对较长标题可采用副标题(subtitle)处理,如出现:
  1)病例数时,如:对急症室连续170例腹痛病例的回顾性研究
  Original: A retrospective study on 170 consecutive cases of abdominal pain in the emergency room
  问题:关键词不突出
  Revised: Abdominal pain in the emergency room: Retrospective study of 170 consecutive cases
  2) 研究性质/方法时,如:用磁共振成象术对正常怀孕期间垂体增大进行活体内研究
  Original: Use MRI to conduct an in vivo study on the enlargement of the pituitary gland during normal pregnancy
  问题:(1)关键词不突出;(2)过多使用了动词
  Revised: Pituitary gland growth during normal pregnancy: An in vivo study using magnetic resonance imaging
  3) 并列结构时,如:军队卫生防疫工作中出现的问题、原因与对策的初探
  Original: A preliminary study on the problems, causes and countermeasures in health and epidemic prevention work of CPLA
  问题:(1"初探"是多余的;(2)外国人知道CPLA吗?(3)主题不够突出
  Revised: Military health and epidemic prevention: Problems, causes and countermeasures
  4) 解释性用词时,如:一例系统性红斑狼疮出现胰腺炎病例报告及文献综述
  Original: A case report of SLE appearing pancreatitis and review of literatures
  问题:(1"appear"为不及物动词,不能跟宾语;(2)SLE应使用全称; (3)关键词不够突出;(4literature一般为不可数名词
  Revised: Pancreatitis in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): A case report and review of the literature
  5) 提问或选择时,如:听诊器是潜在的医院感染源吗?
  Original: Is stethoscope a potential source of nosocomial infection?
  Revised: Stethoscope: a potential source of nosocomial infection?

7-10
兹举数例如下(望请有关作者鉴谅!此处仅为共同探讨,旨在提请人们对论文标题务必给予注意):《以安定为主治疗新生儿破伤风的疗效观察》,其定语部分未尝不可理解为治疗新生儿破伤风主要是使其安定;原文的定安乃指药名,但表示的方法不够明确,与普通名词容易相混淆的药名应加定语或引号。《中西医HOAP方案治疗急性非淋巴细胞性白血病51例分析》,主语中西医HOAP方案语意不明;HOAP是四个西药名的首字母编写,其前冠以中西医三字便令人费思而难解,犯了概念不明确的毛病。《辽宁由岩毛孩临床探讨(先天性毛发过多症)》,括号内部分通常是用来补充说明其前的词或语意的不足,亦可作为注解或同位语等使用,因此这个标题在逻辑组合上有错误,其括号部分是对毛孩一词的补充,也可看成是它的注释或同位语,所以应该放在临床探讨之前。《房水动力学研究第一部分:用房水荧光素浓度曲线测定观察β受体阻断剂(心得安)静脉注入后家兔的降压机制》,这一标题竟然使用了将近50个字,实在太长,读到末尾时前面的可能已被忘记,因此效果不好;用字太多也容易造成语法上的毛病,本题即其一例。《急性早幼粒细胞性白血病朋例分析及三尖杉的疗效观察》,其中的三尖杉一词严重失真,此乃一植物名称,也是同类植物的一个属名——Cephalotaxus;原文中作为药物使用的是三尖杉酯碱harringtonine),仅为前者所含有的一种成分,有如松树与松脂的关系,两者是两个完全不同的概念,在一篇科学研究论文中——特别是论文的标题中——不应出现这样的错误。《中西医结合治疗肝硬化》,此作为一部巨著的书名尚且可以,作为一篇论文的标题未免过于笼统,标题所表达的范围大大超出了文章的实际内容,因此给人以头重脚轻之感;如果将标题范围缩小到与文章内容相适应的程度,就会显得更加贴切和真实。另外,还有一些标题不够干净利索,左一个圆括弧、右一个破折号。生怕说不清楚;其实,有些注解性成分完全可以放到正文中去,不一定非得挤在标题里。

7-11
3
实例分析
根据科学引文索引(SCI)统计[20], 1993 ~ 2002年所发表的论文在同期被引超过3000次的论文共有12, 下面试简要分析其中部分论文的题名。
Thompson J D, et al l. CLUSTAL-W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choiceCLUSTAL-W¾通过序列加权、位点特异性空位罚分和加权矩阵选择来提高渐进的多序列对比的灵敏度)Nucleic Acid Research, 1994, 22(22): 4673-4680
被引9081次。作者用20个词(计163个字符)准确地表达了论文的多层意思:以最重要的词CLUSTAL-W(在摘要中可知其为a new program)作为题名的开头, 紧接着在冒号后解释CLUSTAL-W的目的是improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment, 达到该目的的手段是through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice。该题名重点突出、准确清楚, 但似欠简洁。
Altschul S F, et al. Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST:A new generation of protein database search programs(空位BLAST(碱基局部对准检索)和特殊位置重复BLAST:新一代蛋白质数据库检索工具)。 Nucleic Acid Research, 1997, 25(17): 3389-3402
被引7553次。作者采用主、副题名相结合的方式较醒目地给出了论文的主题:基于Position-Specific Iterated (PSI) gapped BLAST program, 并在冒号后进一步说明PSI-BLAST是新一代的protein database search programs
Otwinowski Z. Processing of X-ray diffraction data collected in oscillation mode (震荡模式中X射线衍射数据的分析方法). Methods in Enzymology, 1997, 276: 307-326
被引4836次。该题名堪称准确、简洁、清楚的典范, 即用7个实词和2个虚词清晰地说明了论文的研究主题内容为“Processing”, 对象是“X-ray diffraction data collected in oscillation mode”
Berridge M J. Inositol Trisphosphate and calcium signaling (三磷酸肌醇和钙信号表达). Nature, 1993, 361(6410): 315-325
被引4377次。作者用5个词简洁、清楚地表达了论文的主题:Inositol Trisphosphatecalcium signaling.需注意的是, 作者使用signal的分词形式(signaling)较准确地表述了`论文内容:Inositol trisphosphate is a second messenger that controls many cellular processes by generating internal calcium signals(该文摘要的首句)。
Eldeiry W S, et al. WAF1, a potential mediator of p53 tumor suppression (WAF1: p53肿瘤抑制作用的一个可能介导因子). Cell, 1993, 75(4): 817-825
被引4173次。作者采用主副题名相结合的方式在题名的开头给出了论文最重要的主题词:WAF1, 并在副题名中解释了论文的内容:WAF1 is a potential mediator of P53 tumor suppression
该文的眉题为“WAF1 as a mediator of p53 function”, “function”代替“tumor suppression”, 简洁且切题。
Springer T A. Traffic signals for lymphocyte recirculation and leukocyte emigration: the multistep paradigm (淋巴细胞再循环和白细胞迁移中的路径信号-多步骤范例). Cell, 1994, 76(2): 301-314
被引3299次。作者采用主、副题名形式, 主题名(Traffic signals for lymphocyte recirculation and leukocyte emigration)为论文的主题, 副题名(The multistep paradigm)起补充说明作用, 从简洁角度看, 其中的副题名似可省略, 但这种形式的副题名可起到醒目的作用.
该文的眉题为“Traffic signals for leukocyte circulation”, 表达简洁、清楚
Harper J W, et al. The p21 Cdk-interacting protein Cip1 is a potent inhibitor of G1 cyclin-dependent kinases (p21 Cdk作用蛋白(又称Cip1)G1细胞周期依赖性蛋白激酶的强抑制剂). Cell, 1993, 75(4): 805-816
被引3247.这种题名是Day[1]所反对的说明性句子(assertive-sentence title)”, 但也有编辑[8]认为这是信息型题名(informative title)”。如果将其中的“is”改为“as”, 就不如原题名显得有力, 这种选择由作者和期刊的编辑来决定。
该文的眉题为“Cip1 is an inhibitor of G1 cyclin-dependent kinases”, 以简单陈述句的形式直接地表达了作者的结论。
Harris N L, et al. A revised European-American classification of lymphoid neoplasms a proposal from the International Lymphoma Study Ggroup (改进的欧美淋巴瘤分类法:国际淋巴瘤研究小组的建议). Blood, 1994, 84(5): 1361-1392
被引3006次。作者采用主、副题名形式, 主题名(A revised European-American classification of lymphoid neoplasms)为论文的主题, 副题名(A proposal from the international lymphoma study-group)起补充说明作用。从简洁角度看, 其中的副题名似可省略, 但这种形式的副题名可起到补充说明的作用。
该文的眉题为“Consensus lymphoma classification”, 用三个词准确、简洁地反映了论文的主题内容。
 
  
8.标题页

8-1
Title Page
    1. Purpose: to introduce the article into the journal’s publication system    
    2. Title
      a. Introduces the article into the scientific literature
      b. Most important part of the article: the part most often read         and often the only part read
      c. Keep precise and brief (85-character limit is typical)
      d. Must stand alone: no abbreviations
      e. Indicate whether subjects were animals (for clinical journals)
      f. Avoid:
        - declarative or "headline" titles
        - "Our Experience" titles
        - asking rhetorical questions in titles
g. Start with: "Effect of [explanatory variable(s)] on [response variable] under [conditions]" and modify as necessary. Consider including the population studied and the research design.
    3. Authors
Authorship: “Authorship credit should be based only on 1) substantial contributions to conception and design, or acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data; 2) drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content; and 3) final approval of the version to be published. Conditions 1, 2, and 3 must all be met. Acquisition of funding, the collection of data, or general supervision of the research group, by themselves, do not justify authorship.”

See also: http://www.icmje.org/sponsor.htm and
http://www.councilofscienceeditors.org/services_ATFWhitePaper.shtml

8-2

a. List authors in order of greatest contribution to the work, from most to least
b. List full name, highest degree, and institutional affiliation of each author
c. Listing more than 5 authors may require an explanation
d. Give full address, phone number, fax number, and e-mail address of corresponding author
e. Admonition against gratuitous authorship
    4. Identify any financial sponsors of the study
5. List previous presentations of results (oral presentations, poster sessions, abstracts, or publication on preprint servers)
6. Provide a "running head" (an abbreviated title of about 40 characters)

8-3
Title Page
  Title—Include animal species. Use no
¡ abbreviations. Limit: 120 characters.
  Short Title—is an abbreviated¡ version of the title, which will appear at the top of every page. Limit: 45 characters.
  Authors and full location of department and¡ institution.
  Grant Support—List grant support and other assistance.¡
  Abbreviations—List alphabetically abbreviations not mentioned in the¡ Style Guide, which follows the Instructions to Authors.
  Correspondence.¡
Keywords: Include three to five words or short phrases, relevant to the article, that do not appear in the title or running head

8-4
  TITLE PAGE
l
  Article titlel
Enhancement of fractionated bone marrow transplantation on hematopoietic cell homing in a mice allogeneic model1
Yingsong Xiang1, Suping Sun1, Jianming Cai1, Mingfeng Xiang2, Gusheng Tang1 and Xuetao Cao3
1 Department of Radiation & Nuclear Medicine, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, P.R.China. 2 Department of Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical University, Nanchang 331400, P. R. China. 3 Department of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, P.R.China.
  Keywords: hematopoietic stem cells, apoptosis, transplantation,
l stem cell homing.
  Running Head: Bone marrow transplantationl
  Wordl Count: Abstract: 218; Text: 3279
  Address for Correspondence: Yingsongl Xiang, Department of Radiation Medicine, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433 P.R. China. Tel: (+86 21) 25070357, FAX: (+86 21) 2507 0356. E-mail: lh6549@sh163.net
   Footnotesl
1 Supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (39600077 and 39770329) and the National High Biotechnology Foundation of China (Z200103).
  Abbreviations
l
Allo-, allogeneic; BM, bone marrow; BMC, bone marrow cells; BMT, bone marrow transplantation; CFC, colony forming cells; CFU, colony forming units; Fr-BMT, fractionated bone marrow transplantation; HSC, hematopoietic stem cells; Syn-, syngeneic; UCB, umbilical cord blood.

8-5
2
.标题页
  根据URMSBJ要求,论文标题及有关著录内容应单独双行打印,称为"标题页"Title page),其内容包括:
   1标题the title of the article);
   2所有作者的姓名及其最高学位、所属单位(the name by which each author is known, with his or her highest academic degree(s) and institutional affiliation);
   3)研究工作的归属部门或单位名称(the name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed);
   4)弃权者(若有)(disclaimers, if any);
   5)负责通讯和校稿作者的姓名能够和详细地址(the name and address of the author responsible for correspondence and proof about the manuscript);
   6)申请副本联系人姓名和地址(the name and address of the author to whom requests for reprints should be addressed);
   7)资助、设备、药品来源(sources of support in the form of grants, equipment, drugs, or all of these);
   8)不超过40个字母(包括间隔)的页眉标题(a short running head of no more than 40 letters and spaces at the foot of the title page);
  3著录部分写法示例
   1) 标题:
   Use of steroid in the treatment of clinical septic shock
  Unstable angina pectoris: Clinical, angiographic and myocadial scintigrapgic observations
   2) 姓名:
  标准式:Yang Jianguo, Guo Xiao'an *, Ouyang Kunpeng, and Lin Li
  变式:YANG JianguoOUYANG Kunpeng; Yang, Jianguo, Jiangguo Yang
   3) 单位:(FromMicrobiology Department of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai
   4) 地址:800 Xiang Yin Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China ** 8) 9)
   5) 副本联系:Address reprint requests to: Cai Guangwen, Microbiology of Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiang Yin Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. ChinaY 10) 11)
   6) 资助:Supported / funded / granted / sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation (标书号、合同号等)// A projected funded by the National "863" Program 12)
   7) 页眉标题:angina pectoris [原标题Unstable angina pectoris: Clinical, angiographic and myocadial scintigrapgic observations]
  
9.作者

9-1图片
 
 
9-2图片
 


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